http://www.recitequran.com/tafsir/en.ibn-kathir/38:1
http://www.recitequran.com/tafsir/en.ibn-kathir/38:1
38
Sad
The Letter "Sad"
Ibn Kathir - English
Verse
1
Page 453
Which was revealed in Makkah
﴿ بِسۡمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ ﴾
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
﴿ صٓۚ وَٱلۡقُرۡءَانِ ذِى ٱلذِّكۡرِ • بَلِ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ فِى عِزَّةٍ۬ وَشِقَاقٍ۬ • كَمۡ أَهۡلَكۡنَا مِن قَبۡلِهِم مِّن قَرۡنٍ۬ فَنَادَواْ وَّلَاتَ حِينَ مَنَاصٍ۬ ﴾
(1.
Sad. By the Qur'an full of reminding.) (2. Those who disbelieve are in
false pride and opposition.) (3. How many a generation have We destroyed
before them! And they cried out when there was no longer time for
escape.) We have already discussed the separate letters in the beginning
of the Tafsir of Surat Al-Baqarah, and there is no need to repeat it
here.
﴿ وَٱلۡقُرۡءَانِ ذِى ٱلذِّكۡرِ ﴾
(By
the Qur'an full of reminding.) means, by the Qur'an which includes all
that is in it as a reminder and a benefit to people in this life and the
Hereafter. Ad-Dahhak said that the Ayah,
﴿ ذِى ٱلذِّكۡرِ ﴾
(full of reminding.) is like the Ayah,
﴿ لَقَدۡ أَنزَلۡنَآ إِلَيۡكُمۡ ڪِتَـٰبً۬ا فِيهِ ذِكۡرُكُمۡۖ ﴾
(Indeed,
We have sent down for you (O mankind) a Book in which there is
Dhikrukum) (21:10). i.e., your reminder. This was also the view of
Qatadah and of Ibn Jarir. Ibn `Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him)
Sa`id bin Jubayr, Isma`il bin Abi Khalid, Ibn `Uyaynah, Abu Husayn, Abu
Salih and As-Suddi said:
﴿ ذِى ٱلذِّكۡرِ ﴾
(full
of reminding.) "Full of honor,'' i.e., of high standing. There is no
contradiction between the two views, because it is a noble Book which
includes reminders and leaves no excuse and brings warnings. The reason
for this oath is to be found in the Ayah:
﴿ إِن كُلٌّ إِلَّا ڪَذَّبَ ٱلرُّسُلَ فَحَقَّ عِقَابِ ﴾
(Not
one of them but denied the Messengers; therefore My torment was
justified.) (38:14). Qatadah said, "The reason for it is to be found in
the Ayah:
﴿ بَلِ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ فِى عِزَّةٍ۬ وَشِقَاقٍ۬ ﴾
(Nay, those who disbelieve are in false pride and opposition).'' This was the view favored by Ibn Jarir.
﴿ بَلِ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ فِى عِزَّةٍ۬ وَشِقَاقٍ۬ ﴾
(Nay,
those who disbelieve are in false pride and opposition.) means, in this
Qur'an there is a reminder for those who will be reminded and a lesson
for those who will learn a lesson, but the disbelievers will not benefit
from it because they
﴿ فِى عِزَّةٍ۬ ﴾
(are in false pride) meaning, arrogance and tribalism,
﴿ وَشِقَاقٍ۬ ﴾
(and
opposition.) means, they are stubbornly opposed to it and go against
it. Then Allah scares them with news of how the nations who came before
them were destroyed because of their opposition to the Messengers and
their disbelief in the Scriptures that were revealed from heaven. Allah
says:
﴿ كَمۡ أَهۡلَكۡنَا مِن قَبۡلِهِم مِّن قَرۡنٍ۬ ﴾
(How many a generation have We destroyed before them!) meaning, disbelieving nations.
﴿ فَنَادَواْ ﴾
(And
they cried out) means, when the punishment came to them, they called
for help and cried out to Allah, but that did not save them at all. This
is like the Ayat:
﴿ فَلَمَّآ أَحَسُّواْ بَأۡسَنَآ إِذَا هُم مِّنۡہَا يَرۡكُضُونَ • لَا تَرۡكُضُواْ وَٱرۡجِعُوٓاْ إِلَىٰ مَآ أُتۡرِفۡتُمۡ فِيهِ وَمَسَـٰكِنِكُمۡ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تُسۡـَٔلُونَ ﴾
(Then,
when they perceived (saw) Our torment, behold, they (tried to) flee
from it. Flee not, but return to that wherein you lived a luxurious
life, and to your homes, in order that you may be questioned.)
(21:12-13). Abu Dawud At-Tayalisi recorded that At-Tamimi said, "I asked
Ibn `Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) about the Ayah:
﴿ فَنَادَواْ وَّلَاتَ حِينَ مَنَاصٍ۬ ﴾
(And
they cried out when there was no longer time for escape.) He said that
it was not the time for them to call or flee or escape. Muhammad bin
Ka`b said, concerning the Ayah:
﴿ فَنَادَواْ وَّلَاتَ حِينَ مَنَاصٍ۬ ﴾
(And
they cried out when there was no longer time for escape.) "They called
for Tawhid when their lives were over, and they resorted to repentance
when their lives were over.'' Qatadah said, "When they saw the
punishment, they wanted to repent when there was no longer time to call
out.'' Mujahid said:
﴿ فَنَادَواْ وَّلَاتَ حِينَ مَنَاصٍ۬ ﴾
(And they cried out when there was no longer time for escape.) "It was not the time to flee or escape.'' Allah says:
﴿ وَّلَاتَ حِينَ مَنَاصٍ۬ ﴾
(when there was no longer time for escape.) meaning, there was no time to escape or run away; and Allah knows best.
﴿ وَعَجِبُوٓاْ أَن جَآءَهُم مُّنذِرٌ۬ مِّنۡہُمۡۖ وَقَالَ ٱلۡكَـٰفِرُونَ هَـٰذَا سَـٰحِرٌ۬ كَذَّابٌ • أَجَعَلَ ٱلۡأَلِهَةَ إِلَـٰهً۬ا وَٲحِدًاۖ إِنَّ هَـٰذَا لَشَىۡءٌ عُجَابٌ۬ • وَٱنطَلَقَ ٱلۡمَلَأُ مِنۡہُمۡ أَنِ ٱمۡشُواْ وَٱصۡبِرُواْ عَلَىٰٓ ءَالِهَتِكُمۡۖ إِنَّ هَـٰذَا لَشَىۡءٌ۬ يُرَادُ • مَا سَمِعۡنَا بِہَـٰذَا فِى ٱلۡمِلَّةِ ٱلۡأَخِرَةِ إِنۡ هَـٰذَآ إِلَّا ٱخۡتِلَـٰقٌ • أَءُنزِلَ عَلَيۡهِ ٱلذِّكۡرُ مِنۢ بَيۡنِنَاۚ بَلۡ هُمۡ فِى شَكٍّ۬ مِّن ذِكۡرِىۖ بَل لَّمَّا يَذُوقُواْ عَذَابِ • أَمۡ عِندَهُمۡ خَزَآٮِٕنُ رَحۡمَةِ رَبِّكَ ٱلۡعَزِيزِ ٱلۡوَهَّابِ • أَمۡ لَهُم مُّلۡكُ ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٲتِ وَٱلۡأَرۡضِ وَمَا بَيۡنَہُمَاۖ فَلۡيَرۡتَقُواْ فِى ٱلۡأَسۡبَـٰبِ • جُندٌ۬ مَّا هُنَالِكَ مَهۡزُومٌ۬ مِّنَ ٱلۡأَحۡزَابِ ﴾
(4.
And they wonder that a warner has come to them from among themselves.
And the disbelievers say: "This is a sorcerer, a liar.'') (5. "Has he
made the gods into One God. Verily, this is a curious thing!'') (6. And
the leaders among them went about (saying): "Go on, and remain constant
to your gods! Verily, this is a thing designed!'') (7. "We have not
heard (the like) of this in the religion of these later days. This is
nothing but an invention!'') (8. "Has the Reminder been sent down to him
(alone) from among us'' Nay, but they are in doubt about My Reminder!
Nay, but they have not tasted (My) torment!) (9. Or have they the
treasures of the mercy of your Lord, the Almighty, the Real Bestower)
(10. Or is it that the dominion of the heavens and the earth and all
that is between them is theirs If so, let them ascend up with means!)
(11. They will be a defeated host like the Confederates of the old
times.)
The Idolators were amazed at the Message, Tawhid and the Qur'an
Allah
tells us that the idolaters wondered at the sending of the Messenger of
Allah as a bringer of glad tidings and a warner. This is like the Ayah:
﴿
أَكَانَ لِلنَّاسِ عَجَبًا أَنۡ أَوۡحَيۡنَآ إِلَىٰ رَجُلٍ۬ مِّنۡہُمۡ
أَنۡ أَنذِرِ ٱلنَّاسَ وَبَشِّرِ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓاْ أَنَّ لَهُمۡ
قَدَمَ صِدۡقٍ عِندَ رَبِّہِمۡۗ قَالَ ٱلۡڪَـٰفِرُونَ إِنَّ هَـٰذَا
لَسَـٰحِرٌ۬ مُّبِينٌ ﴾
(Is
it a wonder for mankind that We have sent Our revelation to a man from
among themselves (saying): "Warn mankind, and give good news to those
who believe that they shall have with their Lord the rewards of their
good deeds'' (But) the disbelievers say: "This is indeed an evident
sorcerer!'') (10:2). And Allah says here:
﴿ وَعَجِبُوٓاْ أَن جَآءَهُم مُّنذِرٌ۬ مِّنۡہُمۡۖ ﴾
(And they wonder that a warner has come to them from among themselves.) meaning, a human being like themselves.
﴿ وَقَالَ ٱلۡكَـٰفِرُونَ هَـٰذَا سَـٰحِرٌ۬ كَذَّابٌ • أَجَعَلَ ٱلۡأَلِهَةَ إِلَـٰهً۬ا وَٲحِدًاۖ ﴾
(And
the disbelievers said: "This is a sorcerer, a liar. Has he made the
gods into One God'') meaning, does he claim that the One Who is to
worshipped is One and there is no god besides Him The idolaters -- may
Allah curse them -- denounced that and were amazed at the idea of giving
up Shirk, because they had learned from their forefathers to worship
idols and their hearts were filled with love for that. When the
Messenger called them to rid their hearts of that and to worship Allah
Alone, this was too much for them and they were astounded by it. They
said:
﴿ أَجَعَلَ ٱلۡأَلِهَةَ إِلَـٰهً۬ا وَٲحِدًاۖ إِنَّ هَـٰذَا لَشَىۡءٌ عُجَابٌ۬ • وَٱنطَلَقَ ٱلۡمَلَأُ مِنۡہُمۡ ﴾
("Has
he made the gods into One God Verily, this is a curious thing!'' And
the leaders among them went about) meaning the chiefs and masters and
nobles,
﴿ ٱمۡشُواْ ﴾
((saying): "Go on...'') meaning, `persist in your religion,'
﴿ وَٱصۡبِرُواْ عَلَىٰٓ ءَالِهَتِكُمۡۖ ﴾
(and remain constant to your gods!), meaning, `do not respond to Muhammad's call to Tawhid.'
﴿ إِنَّ هَـٰذَا لَشَىۡءٌ۬ يُرَادُ ﴾
(Verily,
this is a thing designed!) Ibn Jarir said, "The Tawhid to which
Muhammad is calling you is something by which he wishes to gain power
over you, and exalt his own position, so that he will have followers
among you, but we will not respond to him."
The Reason for the Revelation of These Ayat
Abu
Ja`far bin Jarir recorded that Ibn `Abbas (may Allah be pleased with
him) said, "When Abu Talib fell sick, some of the people of the Quraysh,
including Abu Jahl, entered upon him and said, `Your brother's son is
insulting our gods; he does such and such and says such and such. Why
don't you send for him and tell him not to do that' So he sent for the
Prophet and he entered the house. There was space enough for one man to
sit between them and Abu Talib, and Abu Jahl, may Allah curse him, was
afraid that if (the Prophet) were to sit beside Abu Talib he would be
more lenient with him, so he jumped up and sat in that spot, and the
Messenger of Allah could find nowhere to sit near his uncle, so he sat
by the door. Abu Talib said to him, `O son of my brother, why are your
people complaining about you and claiming that you insult their gods and
say such and such' They made so many complaints against him. Thereupon,
he said,
« يَا
عَمِّ إِنِّي أُرِيدُهُمْ عَلَى كَلِمَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ يَقُولُونَهَا تَدِينُ
لَهُمْ بِهَا الْعَرَبُ، وَتُؤَدِّي إِلَيْهِمْ بِهَا الْعَجَمُ الْجِزْيَة
»
(O uncle, all I want from them is
one word which, if they say it, the Arabs will become their followers
and the non-Arabs will pay Jizyah to them.) They were worried about what
he said, so they said, `One word Yes, by your father, (we will say) ten
words! What is it' Abu Talib said, `What word is it, O son of my
brother' He said,
« لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا الله »
(La ilaha illallah.) They stood up in agitation, brushing down their clothes, saying,
﴿ أَجَعَلَ ٱلۡأَلِهَةَ إِلَـٰهً۬ا وَٲحِدًاۖ إِنَّ هَـٰذَا لَشَىۡءٌ عُجَابٌ۬ ﴾
(Has
he made the gods into One God. Verily, this is a curious thing!) Then
this passage was revealed, from this Ayah to the Ayah:
﴿ بَل لَّمَّا يَذُوقُواْ عَذَابِ ﴾
(Nay,
but they have not tasted (My) torment!)'' This is the wording of Abu
Kurayb. Something similar was also recorded by Imam Ahmad and An-Nasa'i,
and At-Tirmidhi said, "Hasan.''
﴿ مَا سَمِعۡنَا بِہَـٰذَا فِى ٱلۡمِلَّةِ ٱلۡأَخِرَةِ ﴾
(We
have not heard (the like) of this in the religion of these later days.)
means, `we have not heard anything like this Tawhid to which Muhammad
calls us in the religion of these later days.' Al-`Awfi reported that
Ibn `Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) said, "`We have not heard of
this from the religion of these later days (meaning Christianity); if
this Qur'an were true, the Christians would have told us about it.''
﴿ إِنۡ هَـٰذَآ إِلَّا ٱخۡتِلَـٰقٌ ﴾
(This is nothing but an invention!) Mujahid and Qatadah said, "A lie.'' Ibn `Abbas said, "A fabrication.''
﴿ أَءُنزِلَ عَلَيۡهِ ٱلذِّكۡرُ مِنۢ بَيۡنِنَاۚ ﴾
(Has
the Reminder been sent down to him (alone) from among us) They thought
it unlikely that he would be singled out from among them to receive the
Qur'an. This is like the Ayat:
﴿ لَوۡلَا نُزِّلَ هَـٰذَا ٱلۡقُرۡءَانُ عَلَىٰ رَجُلٍ۬ مِّنَ ٱلۡقَرۡيَتَيۡنِ عَظِيمٍ ﴾
(And they say: "Why is not this Qur'an sent down to some great man of the two towns'') (43:31). Allah said:
﴿
أَهُمۡ يَقۡسِمُونَ رَحۡمَتَ رَبِّكَۚ نَحۡنُ قَسَمۡنَا بَيۡنَہُم
مَّعِيشَتَہُمۡ فِى ٱلۡحَيَوٰةِ ٱلدُّنۡيَاۚ وَرَفَعۡنَا بَعۡضَہُمۡ
فَوۡقَ بَعۡضٍ۬ دَرَجَـٰتٍ۬ ﴾
(Is
it they who would portion out the mercy of your Lord It is We Who
portion out between them their livelihood in this world, and We raised
some of them above others in ranks) (43:32). When they said this, it
indicated their ignorance and lack of understanding since they thought
it was unlikely that the Qur'an would be revealed to the Messenger and
not to somebody else.
﴿ بَل لَّمَّا يَذُوقُواْ عَذَابِ ﴾
(Nay,
but they have not tasted (My) torment!) means, they say this because
they have not yet tasted the punishment and vengeance of Allah. But they
will come to know the consequences of what they say and what they
rejected on the Day when they are herded into the fire of Hell. Then
Allah points out that He is the One Who is in control of His Creation
and Who does whatever He wills, Who gives whatever He wants to whomever
He wants, and honors whomever He wants and humiliates whomever He wants,
and guides whomever He wants and misguides whomever He wants, and sends
the Ruh (Jibril) by His command upon whomsoever He wants among His
servants, and seals the hearts of whomever He wants, so no one can guide
him apart from Allah. His servants do not possess any power and have no
control over His dominion, not even a speck of dust's weight; they do
not possess even a thin membrane over a date stone. Allah says,
denouncing them:
﴿ أَمۡ عِندَهُمۡ خَزَآٮِٕنُ رَحۡمَةِ رَبِّكَ ٱلۡعَزِيزِ ٱلۡوَهَّابِ ﴾
(Or
have they the treasures of the mercy of your Lord, the Almighty, the
Real Bestower) meaning, the Almighty Whose might cannot be overcome, the
Bestower Who gives whatever He wills to whomsoever He wills. This Ayah
is like the Ayah:
﴿ أَمۡ لَهُمۡ نَصِيبٌ۬ مِّنَ ٱلۡمُلۡكِ فَإِذً۬ا لَّا يُؤۡتُونَ ٱلنَّاسَ نَقِيرًا •
أَمۡ يَحۡسُدُونَ ٱلنَّاسَ عَلَىٰ مَآ ءَاتَٮٰهُمُ ٱللَّهُ مِن
فَضۡلِهِۦۖ فَقَدۡ ءَاتَيۡنَآ ءَالَ إِبۡرَٲهِيمَ ٱلۡكِتَـٰبَ
وَٱلۡحِكۡمَةَ وَءَاتَيۡنَـٰهُم مُّلۡكًا عَظِيمً۬ا • فَمِنۡہُم مَّنۡ ءَامَنَ بِهِۦ وَمِنۡہُم مَّن صَدَّ عَنۡهُۚ وَكَفَىٰ بِجَهَنَّمَ سَعِيرًا ﴾
(Or
have they a share in the dominion Then in that case they would not give
mankind even a speck on the back of a date stone. Or do they envy men
for what Allah has given them of His bounty Then, We had already given
the family of Ibrahim the Book and Al-Hikmah, and conferred upon them a
great kingdom. Of them were (some) who believed in him, and of them were
(some) who averted their faces from him; and enough is Hell for burning
(them).) (4:53-55).
﴿
قُل لَّوۡ أَنتُمۡ تَمۡلِكُونَ خَزَآٮِٕنَ رَحۡمَةِ رَبِّىٓ إِذً۬ا
لَّأَمۡسَكۡتُمۡ خَشۡيَةَ ٱلۡإِنفَاقِۚ وَكَانَ ٱلۡإِنسَـٰنُ قَتُورً۬ا ﴾
(Say:
"If you possessed the treasure of the mercy of my Lord (wealth), then
you would surely hold back for fear of (being exhausted), and man is
ever miserly!'') (17:100). This is after Allah tells us the story of how
the disbeliever denied the sending of a human Messenger, as He tells us
that the people of Salih (peace be upon him) said:
﴿ أَءُلۡقِىَ ٱلذِّكۡرُ عَلَيۡهِ مِنۢ بَيۡنِنَا بَلۡ هُوَ كَذَّابٌ أَشِرٌ۬ • سَيَعۡلَمُونَ غَدً۬ا مَّنِ ٱلۡكَذَّابُ ٱلۡأَشِرُ ﴾
("Is
it that the Reminder is sent to him alone from among us Nay, he is an
insolent liar!'' Tomorrow they will come to know who is the liar, the
insolent one!) (54:25, 26)
﴿ أَمۡ لَهُم مُّلۡكُ ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٲتِ وَٱلۡأَرۡضِ وَمَا بَيۡنَہُمَاۖ فَلۡيَرۡتَقُواْ فِى ٱلۡأَسۡبَـٰبِ ﴾
(Or
is it that the dominion of the heavens and the earth and all that is
between them is theirs If so, let them ascend up with means.) means, if
they have that, then let them ascend up with means. Ibn `Abbas (may
Allah be pleased with him) Mujahid, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Qatadah and others
said, "The ways to the heaven.'' Ad-Dahhak, said, "Then let them ascend
into the seventh heaven.'' Then Allah says,
﴿ جُندٌ۬ مَّا هُنَالِكَ مَهۡزُومٌ۬ مِّنَ ٱلۡأَحۡزَابِ ﴾
(they
will be a defeated host like the Confederates of the old times.)
meaning, these hosts of disbelievers who are in false pride and
opposition will be defeated and overwhelmed and disgraced, just as the
Confederates of the old times were disgraced before them. This Ayah is
like the Ayah:
﴿ أَمۡ يَقُولُونَ نَحۡنُ جَمِيعٌ۬ مُّنتَصِرٌ۬ • سَيُہۡزَمُ ٱلۡجَمۡعُ وَيُوَلُّونَ ٱلدُّبُرَ ﴾
(Or
say they: "We are a great multitude, victorious'' Their multitude will
be put to flight, and they will show their backs.) (54:44-45) -- which
is what happened on the day of Badr --
﴿ بَلِ ٱلسَّاعَةُ مَوۡعِدُهُمۡ وَٱلسَّاعَةُ أَدۡهَىٰ وَأَمَرُّ ﴾
(Nay, but the Hour is their appointed time, and the Hour will be more grievous and more bitter.) (54:46)
﴿ كَذَّبَتۡ قَبۡلَهُمۡ قَوۡمُ نُوحٍ۬ وَعَادٌ۬ وَفِرۡعَوۡنُ ذُو ٱلۡأَوۡتَادِ • وَثَمُودُ وَقَوۡمُ لُوطٍ۬ وَأَصۡحَـٰبُ لۡـَٔيۡكَةِۚ أُوْلَـٰٓٮِٕكَ ٱلۡأَحۡزَابُ • إِن كُلٌّ إِلَّا ڪَذَّبَ ٱلرُّسُلَ فَحَقَّ عِقَابِ • وَمَا يَنظُرُ هَـٰٓؤُلَآءِ إِلَّا صَيۡحَةً۬ وَٲحِدَةً۬ مَّا لَهَا مِن فَوَاقٍ۬ • وَقَالُواْ رَبَّنَا عَجِّل لَّنَا قِطَّنَا قَبۡلَ يَوۡمِ ٱلۡحِسَابِ • ٱصۡبِرۡ عَلَىٰ مَا يَقُولُونَ ﴾
(12.
Before them denied -- the people of Nuh; and `Ad; and Fir`awn the man
of stakes,) (13. And Thamud, and the people of Lut, and the Dwellers of
Al-Aykah; such were the Confederates.) (14. Not one of them but denied
the Messengers; therefore My torment was justified.) (15. And these only
wait for a single Sayhah there will be no pause or ending thereto.)
(16. They say: "Our Lord! Hasten to us Qittana before the Day of
Reckoning!'') (17. Be patient of what they say...)
تعليقات
إرسال تعليق